Syria, Afghanistan, and Iraq. Today data from As of , the WHO estimate that countries had included a second dose as part of routine immunization. Two doses are needed for a higher level of protection. The map here shows the coverage of the second dose MCV2 of the measles vaccine. The coverage is lowest in South Africa and many countries in Sub-Saharan Africa still have not introduced the vaccine into their immunization coverage.
This scatterplot compares the vaccination coverage against measles with the coverage against DTP3. The second visualization shows the discussed increase of the global vaccination coverage of one-year-olds and the simultaneous decline of reported cases of the disease; from close to 1, cases per million people globally to 28 cases per million. This represents a fold reduction. For country by country change over time see this visualization. The first widely-used rotavirus vaccine was approved in the United States in Rotarix and RotaTeq are the most widely used and both have shown good efficacy against rotavirus infections in clinical trials.
Since the use of rotavirus vaccines have been approved, they have had a notable impact on the reduction of rotavirus-related deaths. According to a study published in , the use of rotavirus vaccines prevented approximately 28, child deaths globally in In addition to saving lives, the rotavirus vaccine also reduces the burden on healthcare systems.
There are two key barriers to achieving the full potential of the rotavirus vaccine: immunization rates, and the efficacy of the vaccine in specific regions. According to the WHO, by the end of , countries were using the rotavirus vaccine. The major drivers for the introduction of the vaccine are the burden of diarrheal diseases, the availability of funding, and a favourable political climate for vaccines.
The map shows the WHO estimates on the share of one-year olds who received the full recommended dosage of the vaccine two immunizations for Rotarix vaccine or three immunizations for RotaTeq vaccine.
Some countries however did see rapid increases in rates of immunization. Since most rotavirus cases occur in Sub-Saharan Africa where mortality from rotavirus infection is also the highest , it is essential to increase and maintain high immunisation coverage in this region.
However, in addition to delivering the vaccine for those who need it, we also need to work on improving its efficacy. Vaccine efficacy for the rotavirus vaccine is defined as the percentage reduction of the rate of diarrhea incidences in vaccinated versus unvaccinated groups of children. It is well established that the efficacy of the rotavirus vaccine is not the same across all countries — in countries with high child mortality rates the vaccine shows much lower efficacy.
The chart is from a recent study by Clark et al. The table shows how good the rotavirus vaccine is at preventing severe diarrhea and reducing hospitalization due to diarrhea in children under-5 in different regions. However, effectiveness in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa is significantly lower, only reducing severe diarrhea in around half of the cases. The reasons for different responses to the vaccine are not entirely clear. It is likely that the gut responses to the oral rotavirus vaccines in children in lower-income countries are different.
This may be due to a variety of causes, including micronutrient deficiencies , pre-vaccination exposure to certain pathogens, and the presence of chronic conditions such as malaria or HIV. Overall, the poor gut response to the live vaccine means the efficacy of the vaccine is reduced.
Taking all of the above mentioned points into account, there are several interventions that could increase the benefits of the rotavirus vaccine even further. We are still at quite an early stage of the rotavirus vaccine use. Although the vaccine has brought huge benefits already, it could go even further.
Improving vaccination coverage, particularly across Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia is key to continued reduction of childhood deaths from diarrhea. Even at moderate levels of vaccine efficacy, a significant number of additional additional child deaths could be prevented every year. The bar chart above that shows the number of preventable deaths illustrates the potential for extended vaccine coverage to save many more lives.
In addition to increased coverage, improving the effectiveness of the vaccine would go even further in tackling one of the leading causes of death. There are a number of ways we could reduce the number of children dying from pneumonia, including eliminating the major risk factors such as undernutrition and air pollution , and providing better access to treatment.
But we have another highly effective intervention: a vaccine against the major pathogen responsible for pneumonia in children. Here we look at their effectiveness and how we can maximise the number of children they save. Since the World Health Organisation WHO started recommending including pneumococcal vaccines in national immunisation programmes for children in , there has been a progressive increase in the number of countries using the vaccine.
But the coverage of pneumococcal vaccines is still low in many countries. This means that 55 million children who could be protected by the vaccine are still not vaccinated against it — an appallingly high number for a vaccine that not only protects from pneumonia, the leading cause of childhood death, but also a range of other diseases as discussed below.
Streptococcus pneumonia , often simply referred to as pneumococcus, is a bacterium that is often found in the upper respiratory tract of healthy people. Generally, the bacterium is harmless or causes milder illnesses such as bronchitis, sinusitis, and ear infections. Pneumococcal vaccines are effective against these milder illnesses as well, but importantly also protects from what is called pneumococcal invasive disease PID.
PID occurs when the pneumococcus moves from colonizing the upper respiratory tract to colonizing sites that are normally sterile, such as blood, cerebrospinal fluid or pleural cavity fluid-filled space surrounding the lungs. There are two types of pneumococcal vaccines available: conjugated polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine PCV and non-conjugated polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine PPSV. Both vaccines are designed to elicit immune responses against multiple serotypes of pneumococcus, which are defined by the different immune responses to the sugars found on the bacterial surface.
While there are two types of pneumococcal vaccines available, for children under two years old only the conjugated i. PCV vaccines are recommended because the non-conjugated versions i.
PPSV are not effective at such a young age. Several studies have attempted to estimate how many lives PCV vaccination has saved and could possibly save. The majority of these deaths would have been caused by pneumonia, but the vaccine also prevented deaths from pneumococcal meningitis and other diseases.
It is based on a recent study published in The Lancet Global Health journal, which calculated that if the PCV vaccine coverage would reach at least the levels of the vaccination against diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis DTP3 , the lives of , children under 5 could be saved. These number estimate the impact of the PCV vaccination relative to a world without that vaccine — since the vaccine is already used it means that some of these lives are already being saved by the PVC vaccination.
PCV vaccines are amongst the most expensive vaccines in national immunisation programmes. But given the high burden of pneumococcal diseases, even at high prices, PCV vaccines are considered to be cost-effective, with an estimated return of investment in low- and middle-income countries of around 3. PCV vaccines include a limited subset of possible pneumococcal serotypes. The distribution of pneumococcal serotypes is known to vary between countries and PCV vaccines include the ones that are most common globally.
However, not all countries collect data on serotype distribution, and an assessment of the potential impact is therefore compromised. This suggests that, by reducing the prevalence of vaccine-included serotypes, the vaccine unintentionally provides space for non-vaccine serotypes, against which it works less well.
In the future, new versions of pneumococcal vaccines may be needed that work better independently of the bacterial serotype. Such vaccines are already in development. Hepatitis B HepB is a highly contagious viral infection that attacks the liver and is transmitted through contact with the blood or other body fluids of an infected person.
As the chart shows, it is estimated that about , people die each year of chronic liver disease due to hepatitis B. The WHO recommends that all infants should receive their first dose of vaccine as soon as possible after birth, preferably within 24 hours.
Haemophilus influenzae type b Hib is a bacterial infection that causes meningitis and pneumonia transmitted through the respiratory tract from infected to susceptible individuals. The chart here shows the coverage for Hib vaccination. Once the poliovirus invades the nervous system it can cause irreversible paralysis in a matter of hours.
No cure exists for polio, only treatment to alleviate symptoms. As we detail in our entry on polio the world is on its way to eradicate the disease thanks to the vaccine against the virus: While in the s there were , paralytic cases of polio every year, the world saw only 42 cases in Close to 4 billion people have been vaccinated with BCG — this makes it the most widely used vaccine in the world.
BCG vaccine is based on a reduced-virulence strain of Mycobacterium bovis , a bacterium that is closely related to Mycobacterium tuberculosis — the pathogen that causes TB. BCG vaccine was already used in the s in Belgium and France in small trials and after the Second World War its use was expanded to vaccinate children across Europe.
BCG is effective at protecting children and adolescents from severe forms of TB and meningitis. Notably, BCG vaccine does not protect people from primary infections, that is it does not prevent people from getting infected with M.
BCG also does not prevent activation of latent TB if a person has already been infected. Therefore, the vaccine has limited effect on prevention of M. Yellow fever YF is a viral disease transmitted by infected mosquitoes.
There are 40 countries and territories at risk for yellow fever in Africa and the Americas and of these 36 include yellow fever vaccination in their routine immunization schedules.
The coverage is calculated as the proportion of persons in a target age group who received a vaccine dose. While appearing straightforward enough, several methodological problems of household survey respondent data on vaccination have been well documented.
Questions have arisen about how accurately parents can recall child immunization history and the limitations of phone calls to collect data.
Even accurately estimating target populations in low-income settings can be difficult and discrepancies have been found when comparing country-reported figures with independent surveys. Furthermore, childhood vaccinations are rarely considered altogether. National coverage rates are what is focused upon, but even when national coverage are high, subnational coverage can reveal inequities, which is why the WHO and UNICEF are increasing efforts to gather high quality subnational coverage data.
In coverage estimates at the district level were only reported for of the WHO Member States. National data only provides part of the picture of immunization coverage.
Different levels of coverage data, including at sub-national or district level is useful for gaining an understanding of where there might be clusters of under- or un-vaccinated children. Summary Since the invention of the smallpox vaccine, vaccines have greatly reduced the prevalence of diseases everywhere in the world.
Vaccination coverage has improved greatly over the past decades, but globally All our charts on Vaccination Child mortality vs share of children immunized against diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus Confidence in the effectiveness of vaccines vs perception of importance Coverage of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine Coverage of the human papillomavirus vaccine Deaths caused by vaccine-preventable diseases Deaths caused by vaccine-preventable diseases GAVI supported countries Global number of reported smallpox cases Immunization against DTP vs.
Related writing. Smallpox — How has vaccination eradicated smallpox? Disease eradication — How and which diseases can be eradicated? Not every child who should be vaccinated is vaccinated. Global vaccine coverage. Click to open interactive version. Prosperity and vaccination coverage.
Why do not all children in the world receive vaccinations? Vaccines save lives. We know that vaccines save lives. But how many lives vaccines have they saved? Progress made with vaccination. Vaccine innovation has followed both scientific and political-economic developments: Bacterial culture techniques which allowed the development of bacterial vaccines for diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis in the early s.
The first and second world wars prompted combined efforts by universities, governments, and private companies. Finding and maintaining estimates based on national censuses would be very time-consuming for our small team, without bringing much additional value to our work. Other reasons include the availability of yearly data national censuses are only conducted every few years , and avoiding double-counting in cases of border disputes. What is the definition of a fully-vaccinated person?
What classification are the income groups based on? How do you choose which countries are shown? How can we best estimate how many people have been vaccinated globally?
My country has started vaccinating its population. Why is it missing from the charts? Are participants in vaccine clinical trials included in your data? How do you report vaccinations performed in Israel and Palestine? Global health institutions that report on the pandemic are reporting these metrics separately: The World Health Organization reports the measures for Israel separately from Palestine in its data.
Wordpress Edit Page. Our World in Data is free and accessible for everyone. Help us do this work by making a donation. Donate now. Ministry of Health. Pan American Health Organization. Directorate General of Health Services. World Health Organization. Public Health Institute. Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. Official data from provinces via covid19tracker.
National Health Commission. Costa Rican Social Security Fund. Statens Serum Institute. Government of the United Kingdom. Government of the Falkland Islands. Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare. Public Health France. Government of Gibraltar.
National Health Security Agency. Government of Hungary. Isle of Man Government. Israel see FAQ. Extraordinary commissioner for the Covid emergency. Government of Jersey. Federal Office of Public Health. Government of Luxembourg. Secretary of Health. National Council. Government of the Netherlands. Government of North Macedonia. Norwegian Institute of Public Health. National Command and Operation Centre.
Palestine see FAQ. Ministerio de Salud via github. Ministry of Public Health. Are pandemics the new normal? Image source, Getty Images. Global vaccine rollout Asset 2. Total doses per people No data. Location Doses per people Total doses World Show more. Who is receiving vaccines? Enter a country or territory to find out the progress of the vaccine rollout. No vaccine data available. In some cases there may be a delay between announcements of vaccine programmes getting underway and data on doses delivered becoming available.
Source: Our World in Data. Which vaccines are in use? About this data. Related Topics. Coronavirus vaccines Coronavirus pandemic. Covid map: Where are cases the highest? Which countries are donating vaccines and how many? Image source, Getty Images. What vaccines does Covax use? How has the Covax rollout gone? Why are vaccines being destroyed in Africa? Will countries be left behind in the vaccine race? Can Covax help end the pandemic?
Related Topics. Coronavirus vaccines Vaccination Coronavirus pandemic.
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